Bibliographies: 'Symbolic token' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

The focus of this paper is on an attempt towards a unified formalism to manage both symbolic and numerical information based on high-level fuzzy Petri nets (HLFPN). Fuzzy functions, fuzzy reasoning, and fuzzy neural networks are integrated in HLFPN In HLFPN model, a fuzzy place carries information to describe the fuzzy variable and the fuzzy set of a fuzzy condition. An arc is labeled with a fuzzy weight to represent the strength of connection between places and transitions. A fuzzy set and a fuzzy truth-value are attached to an uncertain fuzzy token to model imprecision and uncertainty. We have identified six types of uncertain transition: calculation transitions to compute functions with uncertain fuzzy inputs; inference transitions to perform fuzzy reasoning; neuron transitions to execute computations in neural networks; duplication transitions to duplicate an uncertain fuzzy token to several tokens carrying the same fuzzy sets and fuzzy truth values; aggregation transitions to combine several uncertain fuzzy tokens with the same fuzzy variable; and aggregation-duplication transitions to amalgamate aggregation transitions and duplication transitions. To guide the computation inside the HLFPN, an algorithm is developed and an example is used to illustrate the proposed approach.

Abstract:

The token exchange paradigm shows that monkeys and great apes are able to use objects as symbolic tools to request specific food rewards. Such studies provide insights into the cognitive underpinnings of economic behaviour in non-human primates. However, the ecological validity of these laboratory-based experimental situations tends to be limited. Our field research aims to address the need for a more ecologically valid primate model of trading systems in humans. Around the Uluwatu Temple in Bali, Indonesia, a large free-ranging population of long-tailed macaques spontaneously and routinely engage in token-mediated bartering interactions with humans. These interactions occur in two phases: after stealing inedible and more or less valuable objects from humans, the macaques appear to use them as tokens, by returning them to humans in exchange for food. Our field observational and experimental data showed (i) age differences in robbing/bartering success, indicative of experiential learning, and (ii) clear behavioural associations between value-based token possession and quantity or quality of food rewards rejected and accepted by subadult and adult monkeys, suggestive of robbing/bartering payoff maximization and economic decision-making. This population-specific, prevalent, cross-generational, learned and socially influenced practice may be the first example of a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates'.

Abstract:

The ambiguity of the token word is evidenced by the explanatory dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, as well as the linguistic and artistic discourse of the XIX – XXI centuries. In the explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language there is an unmotivated separation of lexical and semantic variants, which are actually shades of one of the meanings of the word. Instead, the dictionary does not capture the lexical-semantic variant “instrument of linguistic creativity” actualized in artistic discourse. Compared with the dictionary interpretation, poetic language more widely represents lexical and semantic variants of the studied token: as units of language structure (definition of a linguistic term), the main means of national identity, manifestation of the spiritual life of the nation, instrument of language creativity. The main attention is focused on the functioning of the word in the lexical and associative relations of the word, on its symbolization and the function of linguistic and aesthetic signs of Ukrainian culture. Such signs are recorded in the works of T. Shevchenko, P. Kulish, Lesya Ukrainka, Oleksandr Oles, M. Rylskyi, Lina Kostenko, M. Vinhranovskyi. The semantic-associative connections of the word token in texts of different times reveal the specifics of civic and lyrical motives of the author’s linguistic thinking. Poets turn to the word, talk to it, convey in different modal assessments and their own emotional state, and symbolic semantics of the token word aestheticized by the accumulated experience of mankind. On the example of poetic texts of the XIX – XXI centuries. the increase of semantics of anthropocentrism in signs of a polysemous token word is traced. The echo of generations is revealed on verbalized and preverbal structures of the lexical-semantic variant “word as a tool of creativity”.

Abstract:

In the "blocking-and-retrieval-failure" account of overregularization (OR; G. F. Marcus, 1995; G. F. Marcus et al., 1992), the claim that a symbolic rule generates regular inflection is founded on pervasively low past tense OR rates and the lack of a substantive difference between past tense and plural OR rates. Evidence of extended periods of OR in the face of substantial correct input (M. Maratsos, 2000) and of an initial period in which nouns are more likely to be overregularized than verbs (V. A. Marchman, K. Plunkett, & J. Goodman, 1997) casts doubt on the blocking account and suggests instead an interplay between type and token frequency effects that is more consistent with usage-based approaches (e.g., J. Bybee, 1995; K. Köpcke, 1998; K. Plunkett & V. Marchman, 1993). However, previous naturalistic studies have been limited by data that account for only 1–2% of child speech. The current study reports analyses of verb and noun ORs in a dense naturalistic corpus (1 child, 2;00.12–3;11.06 [years;months.days]) that captures 8–10% of child speech and input. The data show (a) a marked difference in verb and noun OR rates; (b) evidence of a relationship between relative regular/irregular type frequencies and the onset and rate of past tense and plural ORs; (c) substantial OR periods for some verbs and nouns despite hundreds of correct tokens in child speech and input; and (d) a strong negative correlation between input token frequencies and OR rates for verbs and nouns. The implications of these findings for blocking and other accounts of OR are discussed.

Abstract:

The study aimed to define the effect of a Token Economy System on improving social, academic, and behavior skills with children. The study used qualitative analysis method by using teacher’s guide, questionnaire, and observational checklist. The sample of the study consisted of (40) male and female students in the age group (1-10) years. The results of the study showed that through qualitative studies of the methodology, it is clear that a symbolic economic system has a high impact on improving social, academic and behavioral skills with children. In light of the results, some recommendations were suggested.

Abstract:

Caves in Ireland, as elsewhere, have been used for shelter and burial over much of recorded time. The author here focuses on their use during the Neolithic, carefully isolating the available material and arguing from it that caves then had a primary role in the remembrance of the dead, and were used for excarnation, token deposition or inhumation. The author compares these practices to other contemporary types of burial and concludes that there was a strong symbolic or ritual sense shared in Neolithic Ireland between passage tombs and those certain kinds of cave that they resembled.

Abstract:

This article presents a study that identifies the gender dynamics prevailing in a specific context of tokenism – elementary school teaching – in which the members of an otherwise socially dominant group are proportionally scarce – men. The results contradict Kanter’s (1977) theory by showing that male elementary school teachers do not experience the tokenism dynamics. In line with Williams’ gender perspective and Amâncio’s gender symbolic asymmetry, the article finds that although men constitute a small minority in elementary education, they do not lose the social advantages they generally have: on the contrary, they seem rather to gain several privileges. Indeed, the results show strong links between the tokenism dynamics and gender asymmetry, putting the token men at an advantage. Thus, tokenism seems to be limited to maintaining the gender social order.

Abstract:

Modern receptive poetics encourages the study of verbalized end-to-end motives of Lesia Ukrainka’s work. Embodied in various linguistic forms – lexical-semantic, phrase-forming, syntactic-rhythmic and intonation, Lesia Ukrainka’s poetic texts testify to the change of the traditional dictionary of Ukrainian poetry, filling it with new associative connections, consistent with the needs of a particular historical era. Emphasis is placed on the connection of the word with music, not only formal, but also concretized in rhythms, syntactic and intonational variation of verse lines. The considered textual variants of the sonnet “Fantasy” convince in dynamism, originality of figurative-associative linguistic thinking of the poetess. The dynamics is traced in the textual representation of concepts фантазія, мрія, сон життя, in the symbolic meaning of the token камінь and вогонь, камінь and байдужість. Emphasis is placed on various forms of contrast expression – from antonyms, oxymorons, to opposing sentences-judgments. They are representatives of the logical and sensual content of Lesya Ukrainka’s poetic texts. On the example of evaluative significant words to the concept-token WORD as an instrument of poetic creativity, a conclusion about the antithetical thinking of the poetess is made. The dynamic perception of semantics is fixed вогонь, жар, пожежа, associated with a negative assessment of the destructive element, but in the poetic contexts of the author, these symbols are positively assessed as the ability to be a stimulus to creative inspiration, inflammatory, caring soul of the creator. Poetic phraseology to denote the concept of “indifference”, which acquires the meaning of linguistic and aesthetic sign in the Ukrainian language culture, is recorded.

Abstract:

The article is devoted to the analysis of the complex interrelations between the imaginaries of nation and colony, and, by the same token, between nationalism and colonialism. The author argues that modern nationalism has always contained colonialism as its integral part and parcel. Colonies are interpreted as “mirrors” for the nation-building; while oceans, civilizations and races are the factors which keep distance between what is considered to be national and what is to be interpreted as colonial. In their turn, movement of the population, education and modernization were important tools for bridging the gaps between nations and their colonies. Russian national, Imperial and colonial experience in this context is rather anomalous, because, according to the author, it constantly blurs the existing boundaries and mix up differences. One of the interesting results of this historical experience is current insensitivity of Russian society to such pressing issues of the today’s European and American politics as the war against symbolic representations of the racist nationalism.

Abstract:

Recent archaeological evidence supports the claim that the first system of writing and the first use of abstract numerical representation evolved from the clay token accounting system of ancient Mesopotamia. Writing and other abstract symbol systems have subsequently transformed human cognitive capacities within only few millennia, a time period too short for any substantial changes in our biologically-evolved brains. This paper uses Merlin Donald's theory of human cognitive and cultural evolution [in Origins of the Modern Mind; 1991] to identify the role played by ancient accounting in these evolutionary processes. Specifically, it is argued that this early accounting system paved the way for writing by instigating revolutionary cognitive structures for processing visual/symbolic artifacts and establishing a primitive but very powerful form of external memory (external to the brain). The paper also explores the role that accounting systems continue to play in the provision of “cognitive scaffolding” with respect to our organizational and institutional environments, and provides a cursory overview of the pioneering developments of ancient Mesopotamian accounting in this regard.

Abstract:

Rating agencies provide service by offering information about different kinds of securities and/or investment opportunities. This paper addresses questions often asked during the 2008 U.S. financial crisis: Why did no one see this coming? Why were all the explanations given afterward, not given before as precautions? Or if they were given before, why did nobody listen?Using Giddens’ idea of disembedded systems [Giddens A (1991a) The Consequences of Modernity (Polity Press, Cambridge, UK)], the paper describes and frames the phenomenon of U.S. financial crisis and the role of rating agencies in particular as a disembedded service system. Hereby it offers an explanation of the crises in contrast to the common incentive-oriented or moralizing perspectives. The paper shows that the U.S. financial crisis emerged from a disembedded service system, a simulacrum of ratings, which after a while was no more connected to the reality of securities. Information-providing service systems are in danger to become simulacra, and with it they can disembed. The paper offers a new insightful perspective on how to analyze and understand information-providing service systems and hence offers a perspective to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.This is the first paper to our knowledge to analyze information-providing service systems based on Giddens’ theory of abstract disembedded systems. It provides a new understanding of information-providing service systems that can help to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.

Abstract:

Rating agencies provide service by offering information about different kinds of securities and/or investment opportunities. This paper addresses questions often asked during the 2008 U.S. financial crisis: Why did no one see this coming? Why were all the explanations given afterward, not given before as precautions? Or if they were given before, why did nobody listen?Using Giddens’ idea of disembedded systems [Giddens A (1991a) The Consequences of Modernity (Polity Press, Cambridge, UK)], the paper describes and frames the phenomenon of U.S. financial crisis and the role of rating agencies in particular as a disembedded service system. Hereby it offers an explanation of the crises in contrast to the common incentive-oriented or moralizing perspectives. The paper shows that the U.S. financial crisis emerged from a disembedded service system, a simulacrum of ratings, which after a while was no more connected to the reality of securities. Information-providing service systems are in danger to become simulacra, and with it they can disembed. The paper offers a new insightful perspective on how to analyze and understand information-providing service systems and hence offers a perspective to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.This is the first paper to our knowledge to analyze information-providing service systems based on Giddens’ theory of abstract disembedded systems. It provides a new understanding of information-providing service systems that can help to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.

Abstract:

The Neolithic in the Near East was a crucial transitional period, evidencing the appearance of the world’s first permanent farming villages, alongside significant changes in social structure, subsistence and artistic expression. This thesis focuses on an enigmatic artefact type; small, geometric clay objects, or “tokens”. “Tokens” appear in the 10th millennium BC, and by the late Neolithic they are present in abundance at large numbers of sites across the region, yet absent at others. The timing of the appearance of “tokens” is significant; however, until recently, the potential importance of these objects was often unrecognised. Schmandt-Besserat’s research (1992a, 1992b, 1996) represents the only comprehensive study on the subject. She claims “tokens” are mnemonic recording devices, appearing to meet the administrative needs of the first sedentary farming communities, eventually developing into the world’s earliest known written script. Though her interpretation is widely accepted, her evidence hails entirely from sites distant in space and time from where these objects initially appeared, and there is no solid evidence supporting the notion that Neolithic “tokens” formed a unified agricultural administrative framework. This thesis considers the classification, form and function of “tokens”, as well as their temporal and spatial distribution across sites, their find contexts and the relationship between them, sealings and stamp seals. It re-evaluates the validity of Schmandt-Besserat’s theory alongside alternative interpretations, including children’s toys, gaming pieces, administrative counting aids, and more complex accounting tools. Almost 3,000 “tokens” from three well documented case-study sites (Boncuklu Höyük, Çatalhöyük, Tell Sabi Abyad) and twenty less complete assemblages were studied in detail, recording their shape, dimensions, manufacture, use-wear, the find contexts, associated objects and the characteristics of the sites where they are found. This was complimented by a broader level survey charting the presence, number or absence of “tokens” at fifty-six additional sites. This study has shown that there is no correlation between “token” distribution according to region, time period, site size, or on-site activities. The range of shapes, degree of standardization and assemblage composition varies greatly from site to site, with little regional, temporal or other correlation. Variability is also evidenced in the nature of sites yielding “tokens”, and the immediate contexts in which they are found (e.g. refuse contexts, domestic contexts, administrative contexts, possible ritual contexts). Their generally large numbers when present, variability of deposition, high proportion found in disposal contexts, their simple shape and often crude appearance proves “tokens” were quickly and easily made, and disposed of as readily. All evidence supports the interpretation of “tokens” as multi-functional artefacts, fulfilling a variety of uses within and across settlements. Though sometimes used in accounting, they were not created to administer agricultural produce and were not part of a unified symbolic system. As objects they operated with fluidity of function and interpretation, with imbued value and meaning.

Abstract:

The shapes of naturally occurring objects characteristically involve spatial events occurring at many scales. This paper offers a symbolic approach to constructing a primitive shape description across scales for 2D binary (silhouette) shape images: grouping operations are performed over collections of tokens residing on a Scale-Space Blackboard. Two types of grouping operations are identified that, respectively: (1) aggregate edge primitives at one scale into edge primitives at a coarser scale and (2) group edge primitives into partial-region assertions, including curved- contours, primitive-corners, and bars. This approach avoids several drawbacks of numerical smoothing methods.

Abstract:

As the integrationist civil rights movement took shape, Attucks became one of the most prominent black figures to enter elementary and secondary school curricula and textbooks. In most mainstream texts he became merely a token black presence, yet some white commentators took issue with even this superficial elevation to the status of Revolutionary patriot, reviving the contention that Attucks was no more than a rabble-rousing ruffian. Meanwhile, black writers characterized him as everything from a peaceful integrationist to an Afrocentric rebel to a sellout Uncle Tom. Attucks was now more present than ever in the nation’s public schools and popular culture, but widespread disagreement remained regarding his status as a national hero to be honored by all, an embodiment of race pride, a symbol of violence and disorder, or an irrelevant nobody who should be forgotten.

Abstract:

The 1976 bicentennial brought greater mainstream attention to Attucks and black participation in the Revolution as well as increasing opportunities to disseminate interpretations of Attucks and other African American heroes in schools and through ever-expanding mass media exposure over the subsequent decades. Attucks was becoming a standard figure in most popular American history textbooks and was featured even more visibly in mainstream culture outside the classroom. Of all the competing versions of Attucks circulating at that time, it was the taken-for-granted Revolutionary token that seemed most prominent in the nation’s collective memory; for many, he was a bland symbol of a romanticized American Revolution and an unthreatening black patriotism. By the end of the twentieth century, Attucks had, to a large degree, become a black American hero of the Revolution, though one who was still marginalized within the nation’s story.

Abstract:

This chapter first examines various material media manifesting the use of monograms as signs of authority for early medieval kings and bishops and as visual tokens of social status for sixth- and seventh-century elites. It also surveys the functional usage of invocational cruciform devices, christograms, and the sign of the cross on material artefacts and manuscripts, both in the Christian East and the Latin West. The final section analyses the impact of late antique monogrammatic culture on the evolving early medieval discourse on the extralinguistic qualities of letters and the symbolic significance of their visual characteristics and on the appearance of monogrammatic lettering in Latin manuscripts. It also examines the importance of this cultural tradition for the origins of ‘monogrammatic initials’—initials that were composed of several letters combined in the manner of a monogram—a new visual phenomenon characteristic of early medieval graphicacy.

Abstract:

This chapter first examines the direct structural, narrative, and textual engagement of Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest with New Comic playwright Plautus’ Menaechmi, and then suggests that viewing Wilde’s Earnest as an interpretation of Menaechmi offers a new lens for understanding the bad behaviour of the Plautine twins. Both plays are farces involving two brothers with hidden identities and behaving badly, and both depend upon the revelation of identity through the use of signa (verbal signs) or symboli (physical tokens) of recognition. Wilde’s interest in the consequences of stifled self-development and the psychological pressures of false identity through the characters of Jack and Algernon elucidate the similarly stunted growth of Menaechmus and Sosicles. Wilde’s clarification of motivation allows us to rethink the behaviour of Plautus’ wayward twins: they are not naturally bad, but rather are forced into ill-fitting personae and so act out until their mistaken identity is corrected.

Abstract:

This chapter discusses the next frontier in autocatalytic modeling. Building on the model of production in Chapter 3, communication in two forms is added in the formal models in this chapter: symbolic communication through primitive language and genealogical communication through biographies. Language here emerges out of token feedbacks and social-interactional learning. Genealogical descent and family organizations emerge out of reciprocity and teaching. In the terminology of a multiple-network ensemble, the first cross-sectional type of communication is equivalent to the emergence of relational social-network ties, and the second longitudinal type of communication is equivalent to the emergence of constitutive social-network ties. With these human-like extensions beyond biochemistry, three types of autocatalysis emerge: production autocatalysis, where material objects are produced and exchanged; cellular or biographical autocatalysis, where actors are constructed through intercalated biographies; and linguistic autocatalysis, where symbols are passed and reproduced in conversations.

Abstract:

One of the applications of m-commerce is mobile authorization, that is, rights distribution to mobile users by sending authorization data (a token) to the mobile devices. For example, a supermarket can distribute personalized discount coupon tokens to its customers via SMS. The token can be a symbol string that the customers will present while paying for the goods at the cash desk. The example can be elaborated further—using location information from the mobile operator, the coupons can only be sent to, for example, those customers who are in close vicinity of the mall on Saturday (this will of course require customers to allow disclosing their location). In the example above, the token is used through its manual presentation. However, most interesting is the case when the service is released automatically, without a need for a human operator validating the token and releasing a service to the customer; for example, a vending machine at the automatic gas station must work automatically to be commercially viable. To succeed, this approach requires a convenient and uniform way of delivering authorization information to the point of service—it is obvious that an average user will only have enough patience for very simple operations. And this presents a problem. There are basically only three available local (i.e., short-range) wireless interfaces (LWI): WLAN, IR, and Bluetooth, which do not cover the whole range of mobile devices. WLAN has not gained popularity yet, while IR is gradually disappearing. Bluetooth is the most frequently used of them, but still it is not available in all phones. For every particular device it is possible to send a token out using some combination of LWI and presentation technology, but there is no common and easy-to-use combination. This is a threshold for the development of services. Taking a deeper look at the mobile devices, we can find one more non-standard simplex LWI, which is present in all devices—acoustical, where the transmitter is a phone ringer. Token presentation through acoustic interface along with general solution of token delivery via SIM Toolkit technology (see 3GPP TS, 1999) was presented by Khashchanskiy and Kustov (2001). However, mobile operators have not taken SIM Toolkit into any serious use, and the only alternative way of delivering sound tokens into the phone-ringing tone customization technology was not available for a broad range of devices at the time the aforementioned paper was published. Quite unexpectedly, recent development of mobile phone technologies gives a chance for sound tokens to become a better solution for the aforementioned problem, compared with other LWI. Namely, it can be stated that every contemporary mobile device supports either remote customization of ringing tones, or MMS, and in the majority of cases, even both, thus facilitating sound token receiving over the air. Most phone models can playback a received token with only a few button-clicks. Thus, a sound token-based solution meets the set criteria better than any other LWI. Token delivery works the same way for virtually all phones, and token presentation is simple. In this article we study the sound token solution practical implementation in detail. First, we select optimal modulation, encoding, and recognition algorithm, and we estimate data rate. Then we present results of experimental verification.

Abstract:

One of the applications of m-commerce is mobile authorization, that is, rights distribution to mobile users by sending authorization data (a token) to the mobile devices. For example, a supermarket can distribute personalized discount coupon tokens to its customers via SMS. The token can be a symbol string that the customers will present while paying for the goods at the cash desk. The example can be elaborated further—using location information from the mobile operator, the coupons can only be sent to, for example, those customers who are in close vicinity of the mall on Saturday (this will of course require customers to allow disclosing their location).In the example above, the token is used through its manual presentation. However, most interesting is the case when the service is released automatically, without a need for a human operator validating the token and releasing a service to the customer; for example, a vending machine at the automatic gas station must work automatically to be commercially viable. To succeed, this approach requires a convenient and uniform way of delivering authorization information to the point of service—it is obvious that an average user will only have enough patience for very simple operations. And this presents a problem. There are basically only three available local (i.e., short-range) wireless interfaces (LWI): WLAN, IR, and Bluetooth, which do not cover the whole range of mobile devices. WLAN has not gained popularity yet, while IR is gradually disappearing. Bluetooth is the most frequently used of them, but still it is not available in all phones. For every particular device it is possible to send a token out using some combination of LWI and presentation technology, but there is no common and easy-to-use combination. This is a threshold for the development of services. Taking a deeper look at the mobile devices, we can find one more non-standard simplex LWI, which is present in all devices—acoustical, where the transmitter is a phone ringer. Token presentation through acoustic interface along with general solution of token delivery via SIM Toolkit technology (see 3GPP TS, 1999) was presented by Khashchanskiy and Kustov (2001). However, mobile operators have not taken SIM Toolkit into any serious use, and the only alternative way of delivering sound tokens into the phone-ringing tone customization technology was not available for a broad range of devices at the time the aforementioned paper was published. Quite unexpectedly, recent development of mobile phone technologies gives a chance for sound tokens to become a better solution for the aforementioned problem, compared with other LWI. Namely, it can be stated that every contemporary mobile device supports either remote customization of ringing tones, or MMS, and in the majority of cases, even both, thus facilitating sound token receiving over the air. Most phone models can playback a received token with only a few button-clicks. Thus, a sound token-based solution meets the set criteria better than any other LWI. Token delivery works the same way for virtually all phones, and token presentation is simple. In this article we study the sound token solution practical implementation in detail. First, we select optimal modulation, encoding, and recognition algorithm, and we estimate data rate. Then we present results of experimental verification.

Abstract:

Direct Informational Semantics, according to which [X]s represent (express/mean) X if ‘Xs cause [X]s’ is a law, and Fodorian naturalistic semantics both suffer from double disjunctivitis. I argue that robustness, properly construed, characterizes both represented properties and representing symbols: two or more properties normally regarded as non-disjunctive may each be nomologically connected to a non-disjunctive symbol, and two or more non-disjunctive symbols may each be nomologically connected to a property. This kind of robustness bifurcates the so-called disjunction problem into a Represented-Disjunction Problem, of which Fodor was aware, and a Representer-Disjunction Problem, of which he was on the whole oblivious. Fodor fails to solve these problems: his solution to the former, the Asymmetric Dependence Condition, presupposes a successful solution to the latter, while possible responses that Fodor might make to the latter either beg the former or cannot be met or else flout the Naturalistic Requirement and the Atomistic Requirement. Even setting the Representer-Disjunction Problem aside, the Represented-Disjunction Problem does not get solved, because the robustness involving phonological/orthographic sequences (tokens and types) guarantees that nothing can meet the Asymmetrical Dependence Condition. Indeed there is a serious problem of individuating phonological/orthographic tokens and types in a manner that satisfies Fodor’s expectations. This is made manifest by the presence of orthographic tokens embedded in larger tokens.

Abstract:

Based on a survey of how the tropes of community, commerce, and communication pervaded the rhetoric of political theory and also of certain forms of prose fiction, Chapter 5 suggests a new approach to some of the agents and networks that wove the early modern international community. It focuses in particular on works written or translated by Edward Hoby, James Mabbe, Bernardino de Mendoza, and Justus Lipsius. Its approach to these works, which is founded upon a communicative (and not merely linguistic) turn, reveals the existence of diplomatic third spaces in which ritual, symbolic, or written conventions and semantics converged, despite particular oppositions and differences. Translation, for instance, was used both to consolidate diplomatic alliances and for competitive, international self-fashioning. Translations of political treatises were communicative strategies within the general pragmatics of self-representation—and even more so in an international context dominated by conflict. Literary translation both created diplomatic communities and formed a means of articulating difference within and between those communities. As tokens of exchange between different communities, the texts that this chapter surveys helped to build up symbolic capital for self-representation vis-à-vis the originals whose materials they were appropriating, constructing a common identity (political, religious, linguistic, or otherwise) that relied on the dialectical confrontation with an ‘other’.

Abstract:

The detailed consideration of lexical processes, structuring of lexical units, study of neologization processes, selection of functional types of neolexes, their classification and systematization provoke the active development of modern linguistics. The purpose of the work is to identify thematic subgroups of socio-political vocabulary, to find out the structural-semantic and functional features of the neolexes of the analyzed vocabulary in the mass media of Mykolayiv region. The object of the work is the vocabulary of the mass media of Mykolayiv region. The subject of research is socio-political vocabulary, neolexes in the mass media space of Mykolayiv region.To solve the above problems used methods of linguistic research, the choice of which depends on the purpose, objectives and collected factual material: the method of observation and the method of continuous sampling (to identify tokens related to the socio-political layer, innovations in publications and broadcasting); method of comparison (to determine the neological nature of the studied units and features of the mass media of Mykolayiv region at the all-Ukrainian level); descriptive (for inventory and classification of empirical material); component analysis (from the study of word semantics), comparable (during the analysis of socio-political vocabulary of the period 2015-2018). In the article the basic modern classifications of social and political vocabulary of language of mass media are considered, the thematic subgroups of tokens of the Nikolaev mass media are analyzed, features of the offered classification are established. Having analyzed the most important thematic subgroups that have been identified in the course of working with factual material, the following thematic subgroups function in the mass media space of Mykolayiv region: nomenclature names in the language of mass media; names of departments, bodies in the structure of the state administrative apparatus; names of political parties, movements, ideological currents and their members; tokens of the military sphere; name of social processes of disorganization of public life. The active use of the names of political parties, movements, ideological currents and their members is observed during the election campaign. In our opinion, due to the negative attitude of the society to the political activity of the majority of the representatives of the People’s Deputies of Ukraine, the affiliation of specific individuals to the respective parties has been silenced lately. But, of course, this subgroup of social and political vocabulary takes place and is actively reflected in the mass media, for example: poroshenkivci, election campaign, coalition government. Words that directly describe the life of society (spiritual life, cultural values, etc.) fully fill the pages of the media of various types, for example: patriotism, national symbols, street art, independence, unemployment, subsistence level. The nature of the information space is to respond quickly to what is happening in people's lives. That is why the vocabulary of the military thematic subgroup is most widely used, as the mass media reacts to the actual news worrying the Ukrainian society in general and Mykolayiv in particular. Other lexical spheres also actively function in mass media space of Mykolayiv region. Words to denote the most important political, economic, religious and other concepts form the basis for articles in newspapers and on the Internet.

Abstract:

The article is devoted to the isolation and analysis in the poetic texts of D. Kremen, groups sacred concepts, microconceptospheres, the discovery of conceptual meanings in nature which clearly feels the spiritual, linguistic and cultural and individual-authorial components. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the increasing attention of linguists, on the one hand, to the problems of linguoculturology and linguoconceptology, on the other - to the set concepts filled with religious, sacred meaning in general. The aim of the article is to trace how in the modern scientific paradigm one of the concepts "sacred" is interpreted, connected with the thematic concept of the conceptosphere of the sacred; demonstrate new trends in the implementation of the conceptosphere sacred, whose representatives are concepts to denote God and all that is holy in the understanding of the Divine, to identify by verbalization of microconceptospheres "biblical characters", "biblical loci", "church organization and cult", "sacred-chthonic beings". The subject of research is LEXICAL MEANS OF VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPTOSPHERE OF THE SACRED in poetic texts. The object is the microconceptosphere in the realization of the conceptosphere of the sacred in the poetic idiosyncrasy of D. Kremen. The methodological basis is the basic provisions of linguoconceptology, in particular the problems of interaction between language and culture. Research methods: the method of continuous sampling, which is used to collect the actual material; descriptive method, which allowed to analyze the results in a certain aspects; method of contextual and interpretive analysis associated with decoding units of secondary nomination, identification of symbolic and metaphorical and individual-authorial meanings and functional-semantic load. It was found that in the poetic idiostyle of D. Kremen the dominant of theonyms in the poetic idiostyle of D. Kremen is one of the most important cultural universals, the basis of all world religions is God. From the point of view of linguocognitology, the conceptual sphere, the conceptual image of "God", is a multifaceted, multifunctional, hierarchical structure, which is realized by multilingual connections and oppositions. The analysis of the isolated units shows that in the concept is dominated by meanings relevant to the Christian scenario, but also recorded in relation to certain pagan and ancient notions of the supreme deity. Nuclear concepts-images "Jesus Christ", "Virgin Mary" in the studied texts are characterized by a clear syncretism, due to the intersection of the manifested in its structure biblical and mythopoetic meanings. Linguistic means are singled out and characterized, which reveal both its traditional canonicity and symbolic-metaphorical representation in D. Kremen's poetic idiosyncrasy. The specificity of the linguistic representation of the concept is represented by the actual poetic semantic individual-authorial and expressive-pictorial properties in poetic speech.against the background of preserving the traditionally established means of its verbalization. The concept of God and other specified conceptual quantities are represented in the language through the corresponding tokens by a wide range of names of different linguistic nature and stylistic specificity, used with direct and figurative meaning, synonyms, paraphrases, etc.